Circulating tumor DNA association with residual cancer burden after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer in TBCRC 030.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and its association with residual cancer burden (RCB) using an ultrasensitive assay in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified responders (RCB 0/1) and matched non-responders (RCB 2/3) from the phase II TBCRC 030 prospective study of neoadjuvant paclitaxel versus cisplatin in TNBC. We collected plasma samples at baseline, 3 weeks and 12 weeks (end of therapy). We created personalized ctDNA assays utilizing MAESTRO mutation enrichment sequencing. We explored associations between ctDNA and RCB status and disease recurrence. RESULTS: Of 139 patients, 68 had complete samples and no additional neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Twenty-two were responders and 19 of those had sufficient tissue for whole-genome sequencing. We identified an additional 19 non-responders for a matched case-control analysis of 38 patients using a MAESTRO ctDNA assay tracking 319-1000 variants (median 1000 variants) to 114 plasma samples from 3 timepoints. Overall, ctDNA positivity was 100% at baseline, 79% at week 3 and 55% at week 12. Median tumor fraction (TFx) was 3.7 × 10-4 (range 7.9 × 10-7-4.9 × 10-1). TFx decreased 285-fold from baseline to week 3 in responders and 24-fold in non-responders. Week 12 ctDNA clearance correlated with RCB: clearance was observed in 10 of 11 patients with RCB 0, 3 of 8 with RCB 1, 4 of 15 with RCB 2 and 0 of 4 with RCB 3. Among six patients with known recurrence, five had persistent ctDNA at week 12. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for TNBC reduced ctDNA TFx by 285-fold in responders and 24-fold in non-responders. In 58% (22/38) of patients, ctDNA TFx dropped below the detection level of a commercially available test, emphasizing the need for sensitive tests. Additional studies will determine whether ctDNA-guided approaches can improve outcomes.

A bundle of infection control measures reduces postoperative sternal wound infection due to Staphylococcus aureus but not Gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective analysis of 6903 patient episodes.

BACKGROUND: Prevention of cardiac surgical site infection has largely focused on reducing infection due to Staphylococcus aureus, although other bacteria also play an important role in this complication. AIM: To assess the impact of an evolving infection control programme on the incidence of sternal wound infection (SWI), and the changing incidence of non-staphylococcal infections. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent primary sternotomy at a single UK centre between September 2010 and May 2018 was undertaken. Data were collated from the 2 years preceding the stepwise introduction of a broad-ranging infection control programme, including S. aureus decolonization. FINDINGS: In total, 6903 primary sternotomies were performed, of which 2.6% (N=178) were complicated by SWI. Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and S. aureus were most commonly identified as causative pathogens (45.5% and 30.3%, respectively). Following programme introduction, there was a reduction in the rate of SWI from 3.9 to 1.8 cases/100 patients/month. This was mainly due to a sustained reduction in cases of S. aureus infection, with no discernible impact on GNB. Multi-variable logistic regression analysis identified coronary artery bypass grafting, procedural urgency, and procedures performed in the third quarter of the calendar year (July to September) as independent risk factors for postoperative infection. CONCLUSION: A multi-faceted infection control programme was successful at reducing the rate of SWI, primarily due to a reduction in S. aureus infections. GNB also play an important role in SWI, and traditional preventative measures fail to address these. Future intervention and impact assessments should consider GNB infections when measuring effectiveness.

Challenges and visions for managing pain-related insomnia in primary care using the hybrid CBT approach: a small-scale qualitative interview study with GPs, nurses, and practice managers.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain and insomnia have a complex, bidirectional relationship - addressing sleep complaints alongside pain may be key to alleviating patient-reported distress and disability. Healthcare professionals have consistently reported wanting to offer psychologically informed chronic pain management at the primary care level. Research in secondary care has demonstrated good treatment efficacy of hybrid CBT for chronic pain and insomnia. However, primary care is typically the main point of treatment entry, hence may be better situated to offer treatments using a multidisciplinary approach. In this study, primary care service providers' perception of feasibility for tackling pain-related insomnia in primary care was explored. METHODS: The data corpus originates from a feasibility trial exploring hybrid CBT for chronic pain and insomnia delivered in primary care. This formed three in-depth group interviews with primary care staff (n = 9) from different primary care centres from the same NHS locale. All interviews were conducted on-site using a semi-structured approach. Verbal data was recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using the thematic analysis process. RESULTS: Eight themes were identified - 1) Discrepant conceptualisations of the chronic pain-insomnia relationship and clinical application, 2) Mismatch between patients' needs and available treatment offerings, 3) Awareness of psychological complexities, 4) Identified treatment gap for pain-related insomnia, 5) Lack of funding and existing infrastructure for new service development, 6) General shortage of psychological services for complex health conditions, 7) Multidisciplinary team provision with pain specialist input, and 8) Accessibility through primary care. These mapped onto four domains - Current understanding and practice, Perceived facilitators, Perceived barriers, Ideal scenarios for a new treatment service - which reflected the focus of our investigation. Taken together these provide key context for understanding challenges faced by health care professionals in considering and developing a new clinical service. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care service providers from one locale advocate better, multidisciplinary treatment provision for chronic pain and insomnia. Findings suggest that situating this in primary care could be a feasible option, but this requires systemic support and specialist input as well as definitive trials for success.

Development and internal validation of clinical prediction models for outcomes of complicated intra-abdominal infection.

BACKGROUND: Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with cIAI in a multicentre study and to develop clinical prediction models (CPMs) to help identify patients at risk of mortality or relapse. METHODS: A multicentre observational study was conducted from August 2016 to February 2017 in the UK. Adult patients diagnosed with cIAI were included. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to develop CPMs for mortality and cIAI relapse. The c-statistic was used to test model discrimination. Model calibration was tested using calibration slopes and calibration in the large (CITL). The CPMs were then presented as point scoring systems and validated further. RESULTS: Overall, 417 patients from 31 surgical centres were included in the analysis. At 90 days after diagnosis, 17.3 per cent had a cIAI relapse and the mortality rate was 11.3 per cent. Predictors in the mortality model were age, cIAI aetiology, presence of a perforated viscus and source control procedure. Predictors of cIAI relapse included the presence of collections, outcome of initial management, and duration of antibiotic treatment. The c-statistic adjusted for model optimism was 0.79 (95 per cent c.i. 0.75 to 0.87) and 0.74 (0.73 to 0.85) for mortality and cIAI relapse CPMs. Adjusted calibration slopes were 0.88 (95 per cent c.i. 0.76 to 0.90) for the mortality model and 0.91 (0.88 to 0.94) for the relapse model; CITL was -0.19 (95 per cent c.i. -0.39 to -0.12) and - 0.01 (- 0.17 to -0.03) respectively. CONCLUSION: Relapse of infection and death after complicated intra-abdominal infections are common. Clinical prediction models were developed to identify patients at increased risk of relapse or death after treatment, these now require external validation.

Evaluation of procalcitonin as a contribution to antimicrobial stewardship in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study.

It can be a diagnostic challenge to identify patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in whom antibiotics can be safely withheld. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a guideline implemented at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust that recommends withholding antibiotics in patients with low serum procalcitonin (PCT), defined as ≤0.25 ng/mL. Results showed reduced antibiotic consumption in patients with PCT ≤0.25 ng/mL with no increase in mortality, alongside a reduction in subsequent carbapenem prescriptions during admission. The results support the effectiveness of this guideline, and further research is recommended to identify the optimal cut-off value for PCT in this setting.

The feasibility of a randomised control trial to assess physiotherapy against surgery for recurrent patellar instability.

BACKGROUND: Patellar instability is a relatively common condition that leads to disability and restriction of activities. People with recurrent instability may be given the option of physiotherapy or surgery though this is largely driven by clinician preference rather than by a strong evidence base. We sought to determine the feasibility of conducting a definitive trial comparing physiotherapy with surgical treatment for people with recurrent patellar instability. METHODS: This was a pragmatic, open-label, two-arm feasibility randomised control trial (RCT) with an embedded interview component recruiting across three NHS sites comparing surgical treatment to a package of best conservative care; 'Personalised Knee Therapy' (PKT). The primary feasibility outcome was the recruitment rate per centre (expected rate 1 to 1.5 participants recruited each month). Secondary outcomes included the rate of follow-up (over 80% expected at 12 months) and a series of participant-reported outcomes taken at 3, 6 and 12 months following randomisation, including the Norwich Patellar Instability Score (NPIS), the Kujala Patellofemoral Disorder Score (KPDS), EuroQol-5D-5L, self-reported global assessment of change, satisfaction at each time point and resources use. RESULTS: We recruited 19 participants. Of these, 18 participants (95%) were followed-up at 12 months and 1 (5%) withdrew. One centre recruited at just over one case per month, one centre was unable to recruit, and one centre recruited at over one case per month after a change in participant screening approach. Ten participants were allocated into the PKT arm, with nine to the surgical arm. Mean Norwich Patellar Instability Score improved from 40.6 (standard deviation 22.1) to 28.2 (SD 25.4) from baseline to 12 months. CONCLUSION: This feasibility trial identified a number of challenges and required a series of changes to ensure adequate recruitment and follow-up. These changes helped achieve a sufficient recruitment and follow-up rate. The revised trial design is feasible to be conducted as a definitive trial to answer this important clinical question for people with chronic patellar instability. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was prospectively registered on the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry on the 22/12/2016 (reference number: ISRCTN14950321). http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14950321.

Ceramic-on-ceramic bearing fractures in total hip arthroplasty: an analysis of data from the National Joint Registry.

AIMS: Ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings in total hip arthroplasty (THA) are commonly used, but concerns exist regarding ceramic fracture. This study aims to report the risk of revision for fracture of modern CoC bearings and identify factors that might influence this risk, using data from the National Joint Registry (NJR) for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed data on 223 362 bearings from 111 681 primary CoC THAs and 182 linked revisions for bearing fracture recorded in the NJR. We used implant codes to identify ceramic bearing composition and generated Kaplan-Meier estimates for implant survivorship. Logistic regression analyses were performed for implant size and patient specific variables to determine any associated risks for revision. RESULTS: A total of 222 852 bearings (99.8%) were CeramTec Biolox products. Revisions for fracture were linked to seven of 79 442 (0.009%) Biolox Delta heads, 38 of 31 982 (0.119%) Biolox Forte heads, 101 of 80 170 (0.126%) Biolox Delta liners and 35 of 31 258 (0.112%) Biolox Forte liners. Regression analysis of implant size revealed smaller heads had significantly higher odds of fracture (chi-squared 68.0, p < 0.001). The highest fracture risk was observed in the 28 mm Biolox Forte subgroup (0.382%). There were no fractures in the 40 mm head group for either ceramic type. Liner thickness was not predictive of fracture (p = 0.67). Body mass index (BMI) was independently associated with revision for both head fractures (odds ratio (OR) 1.09 per unit increase, p = 0.031) and liner fractures (OR 1.06 per unit increase, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: We report the largest independent study of CoC bearing fractures to date. The risk of revision for CoC bearing fracture is very low but previous studies have underestimated this risk. There is good evidence that the latest generation of ceramic has greatly reduced the odds of head fracture but not of liner fracture. Small head size and high patient BMI are associated with an increased risk of ceramic bearing fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1012-19.

A pragmatic randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of a femoral nerve block and periarticular infiltration for early pain relief following total knee arthroplasty.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a femoral nerve block and a periarticular infiltration in the management of early post-operative pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A pragmatic, single centre, two arm parallel group, patient blinded, randomised controlled trial was undertaken. All patients due for TKA were eligible. Exclusion criteria included contraindications to the medications involved in the study and patients with a neurological abnormality of the lower limb. Patients received either a femoral nerve block with 75 mg of 0.25% levobupivacaine hydrochloride around the nerve, or periarticular infiltration with 150 mg of 0.25% levobupivacaine hydrochloride, 10 mg morphine sulphate, 30 mg ketorolac trometamol and 0.25 mg of adrenaline all diluted with 0.9% saline to make a volume of 150 ml. RESULTS: A total of 264 patients were recruited and data from 230 (88%) were available for the primary analysis. Intention-to-treat analysis of the primary outcome measure of a visual analogue score for pain on the first post-operative day, prior to physiotherapy, was similar in both groups. The mean difference was -0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) -5.9 to 4.5; p = 0.834). The periarticular group used less morphine in the first post-operative day compared with the femoral nerve block group (74%, 95% CI 55 to 99). The femoral nerve block group reported 39 adverse events, of which 27 were serious, in 31 patients and the periarticular group reported 51 adverse events, of which 38 were serious, in 42 patients up to six weeks post-operatively. None of the adverse events were directly attributed to either of the interventions under investigation. CONCLUSION: Periarticular infiltration is a viable and safe alternative to femoral nerve block for the early post-operative relief of pain following TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:904-11.

Prevalence of cam hip shape morphology: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Cam hip shape morphology is a recognised cause of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and is associated with hip osteoarthritis. Our aim was to systematically review the available epidemiological evidence assessing the prevalence of cam hip shape morphology in the general population and any studied subgroups including subjects with and without hip pain. DESIGN: All studies that reported the prevalence of cam morphology, measured by alpha angles, in subjects aged 18 and over, irrespective of study population or presence of hip symptoms were considered for inclusion. We searched AMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL in October 2015. Two authors independently identified eligible studies and assessed risk of bias. We planned to pool data of studies considered clinically homogenous. RESULTS: Thirty studies met inclusion criteria. None of the included studies were truly population-based: three included non-representative subgroups of the general population, 19 included differing clinical populations, while eight included professional athletes. All studies were judged to be at high risk of bias. Due to substantial clinical heterogeneity meta analysis was not possible. Across all studies, the prevalence estimates of cam morphology ranged from 5 to 75% of participants affected. We were unable to demonstrate a higher prevalence in selected subgroups such as athletes or those with hip pain. CONCLUSIONS: There is currently insufficient high quality data to determine the true prevalence of cam morphology in the general population or selected subgroups. Well-designed population-based epidemiological studies that use homogenous case definitions are required to determine the prevalence of cam morphology and its relationship to hip pain.

Protocol for a single-centre randomised controlled trial of multimodal periarticular anaesthetic infiltration versus single-agent femoral nerve blockade as analgesia for total knee arthroplasty: Perioperative Analgesia for Knee Arthroplasty (PAKA).

INTRODUCTION: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery causes postoperative pain. The use of perioperative injections around the knee containing local anaesthetic, opiates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has increased in popularity to manage pain. Theoretical advantages include reduced requirements for analgesia and earlier mobilisation. We propose a single-centre randomised controlled trial of multimodal periarticular anaesthetic infiltration versus femoral nerve anaesthetic blockade as analgesia for TKA. The aim is to determine, in patients undergoing TKA, if there is a difference in patient-reported pain scores on the visual analogue scale (VAS) prior to physiotherapy on day 1 postoperatively between treatment groups. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Patients undergoing a primary unilateral TKA at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire Hospitals will be assessed for eligibility. A total of 264 patients will provide 90% power to detect a difference of 12 mm on the VAS on day 1 postoperatively at the 5% level. The trial will use 1:1 randomisation, stratified by mode of anaesthetic. Primary outcome measure will be the VAS for pain prior to physiotherapy on day 1. Secondary outcome measures include VAS on day 2, total use of opiate analgesia up to 48 h, ordinal pain scores up to 40 min after surgery, independent functional knee physiotherapist assessment on days 1 and 2. Oxford knee Scores (OKS), EuroQol (EQ-5D) and Douleur Neuropathic Pain Scores (DN2) will be recorded at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 months. Adverse events will be recorded up to 12 months. Analysis will investigate differences in VAS on day 1 between the two treatment groups on an intention-to-treat basis. Tests will be two-sided and considered to provide evidence for a significant difference if p values are less than 0.05. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: NRES Committee West Midlands, 23 September 2013 (ref: 13/WM/0316). The results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: ISRCTN 60611146 and EUDRACT Number 2013-002439-10 (protocol code number PAKA-33601-AS117013); Pre-results.

Empathy dolls: are they a source of cross-contamination between patients?

Following a cluster of two patients with identical strains of Clostridium perfringens prosthetic joint infections on an ortho-geriatric ward in a teaching hospital in England, investigations were conducted into infection control practices. It emerged that empathy dolls were being used to help alleviate agitation in dementia patients; this had been introduced without consultation with the infection prevention and control team. Environmental testing of the doll pre and post laundry at different temperatures helped to establish the types and numbers of organisms present. This testing enabled our unit to provide guidance on the optimum strategy for decontamination and safe use of these dolls.

The effect of B-cell depletion therapy on serological evidence of B-cell and plasmablast activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis over multiple cycles of rituximab treatment.

B-cell depletion therapy (BCDT) based on rituximab (RTX) induces clinical remission in a majority of seropositive patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, all patients eventually relapse. The aim of this study was to determine whether dynamic changes in combinations of serological measures of B-cell activation were associated over up to three cycles of BCDT. We included only RA patients who gave an adequate clinical response, as measured by DAS28. Twenty three patients were studied over 1 cycle, 21 over 2, and 15 over 3 cycles of BCDT. Serum analytes including isotypes of Rheumatoid factors (RhF) and anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), serum free light chains (SFLC), soluble CD23 (sCD23), antibodies to tetanus toxoid (TT) and to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PCP) were measured by ELISA at 4 key points in each cycle, namely: Baseline (pre-RTX in each cycle); when B-cell depleted (CD19+B-cells < 5/µl); at B-cell return (CD19+B-cells ≥ 5/µl); and at clinical relapse (ΔDAS28 > 1.2). SFLC were used as a measure of plasmablast activity. As sCD23 is cleaved from naïve B-cells coincident with attaining CD27 expression, levels were used as a novel measure of maturation of B-cells to CD27+. The most consistent changes between baseline and B-cell depletion within all 3 cycles were in SFLC, sCD23 and IgM-RhF which fell and in BAFF levels which rose. After 3 complete cycles of BCDT, both IgM autoantibodies and IgG-CCP had decreased, BAFF levels were higher (all p < 0.05); other analytes remained unchanged compared with baseline. Dynamic changes in λSFLC, sCD23, IgM-RhF and BAFF were also consistently associated with relapse in patients with longer clinical responses after B-cell return. Incremental rises in sCD23 levels in cycles 2 and 3 were correlated with time to relapse. Repopulation of the periphery after BCDT is initiated by naïve B-cells and precedes relapse. Our study showed that differentiation into plasmablasts, attended by sCD23 and SFLC production and IgM-RhF specificity may be required to precipitate relapse in patients experiencing longer responses after RTX. These studies also provide novel information related to the resumption of autoimmune responses and their association with B-cell kinetics following BCDT.

Ethnicity as a predictor of detention under the Mental Health Act.

BACKGROUND: There has been major concern about the 'over-representation' of Black and ethnic minority groups amongst people detained under the Mental Health Act (MHA). We explored the effect of patient ethnicity on detention following an MHA assessment, once confounding variables were controlled for. METHOD: Prospective data were collected for all MHA assessments over 4-month periods in the years 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 each in three regions in England: Birmingham, West London and Oxfordshire. Logistic regression modelling was conducted to predict the outcome of MHA assessments - either resulting in 'detention' or 'no detention'. RESULTS: Of the 4423 MHA assessments, 2841 (66%) resulted in a detention. A diagnosis of psychosis, the presence of risk, female gender, level of social support and London as the site of assessment predicted detention under the MHA. Ethnicity was not an independent predictor of detention. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence for that amongst those assessed under the MHA, ethnicity has an independent effect on the odds of being detained.

Body composition and survival in the early clinical trials setting.

PURPOSE: Delineate the relationships between body composition parameters, 90-day mortality and overall survival, and correlate them with known prognostic factors in an early clinical trials clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 306 consecutive patients with various tumours; body composition was analysed by computerised tomography images. Survival was measured from the first clinic visit, at 90-day period and until death/last follow-up visit. RESULTS: Median patient age was 56 years; 159 patients were men. Ninety-day mortality rate was 12%. Median overall survival was 9 months. In multivariate analyses, high MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) score (p < 0.0001) [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) > normal, albumin < normal, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status > 1, metastatic sites > 2, gastrointestinal (GI) tumours], low skeletal muscle index (SMI) (p = 0.0406) and male gender (p = 0.0077) were independent predictors of poor survival. If Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH) score (LDH > normal, albumin 2) was used in lieu of MDACC score, it was also significant (p = 0.0003). Including SMI and gender in the MDACC or RMH score improved the accuracy of the original model (p = 0.006 and p = 0.0037, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with low SMI have shorter survival. Gender and SMI strengthens the accuracy of MDACC or RMH scores as prognostic tools. Prospective validation of these findings is warranted.

The safety of peri-articular local anaesthetic injection for patients undergoing total knee replacement with autologous blood transfusion: a randomised trial.

Intra-operative, peri-articular injection of local anaesthesia is an increasingly popular way of controlling pain following total knee replacement. At the same time, the problems associated with allogenic blood transfusion have led to interest in alternative methods for managing blood loss after total knee replacement, including the use of auto-transfusion of fluid from the patient's surgical drain. It is safe to combine peri-articular infiltration with auto-transfusion from the drain. We performed a randomised clinical trial to compare the concentration of local anaesthetic in the blood and in the fluid collected in the knee drain in patients having either a peri-articular injection or a femoral nerve block. Clinically relevant concentrations of local anaesthetic were found in the fluid from the drains of patients having peri-articular injections (4.92 µg/ml (sd 3.151)). However, none of the patients having femoral nerve blockade had detectable levels. None of the patients in either group had clinically relevant concentrations of local anaesthetic in their blood after re-transfusion. The evidence from this study suggests that it is safe to use peri-articular injection in combination with auto-transfusion of blood from peri-articular drains during knee replacement surgery.

Role of occupational health staff in investigation of invasive group A streptococcal infection hospital outbreak.

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are commonly implicated as index cases during investigation of invasive group A streptococcus (GAS) hospital outbreaks. Staff screening may be needed but guidelines on implementation vary. We conducted an analysis to find common exposures in patients infected with a rare type of GAS and staff were asked to self-screen. Swabs were negative, but as the outbreak continued, specific HCWs were asked to attend the occupational health department. The index case was then identified as having a skin disorder infected with same rare GAS. We describe the importance of occupational health clinical review of HCWs during an outbreak.

Lessons from a large norovirus outbreak: impact of viral load, patient age and ward design on duration of symptoms and shedding and likelihood of transmission.

BACKGROUND: Hospital norovirus outbreaks cause significant financial and operational disruption which should be minimised by optimal handling of affected areas and use of isolation facilities. AIM: To identify factors associated with increased duration of symptoms and viral excretion and increased probability of transmission. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of a large norovirus outbreak at a UK teaching hospital in the winter of 2009-2010 where patients were diagnosed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. FINDINGS: Symptom duration was significantly associated with patient age (Spearman rank correlation coefficient: 0.197; P = 0.002) but not with PCR cycle threshold (C(T)) value. Duration of viral excretion was found to be longer in patients with higher viral loads. Transmission within a ward bay was not significantly associated either with age or with C(T) value but was more likely to occur in some ward blocks than others, which may relate to differences in ward design. Transfer of patients into isolation rooms or cohorted area within two days of symptom onset did not significantly influence probability of onward transmission (52% vs 47%; P = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: The presented data suggest that C(T) value may guide timing of repeat sample collection if ongoing gastrointestinal symptoms may relate to other pathologies, and that patients developing symptoms of norovirus may remain in their current bay rather than being moved into isolation facilities. The bay or ward should be closed to new admissions but it should be anticipated that duration of symptoms and therefore closure will be longer when the outbreak involves elderly patients.